ABSTRACT
Reconstruction of the infantile process of acquiring a language shows that in order to initially develop the object scheme, children must have an ability to maintain the intensity of their sensory stimulation and their own sense of synaesthesia. Such a somatic condition concedes children to acquire the object scheme from her/his subjective perspective. This becomes likely through the symptomatic relation that is made when children partition the undifferentiated senses as a whole. The next significant step in acquisition of a language is that children should synchronize their own object scheme with that of the existing language community; this sensible phenomenon requires mutual role change and change of perspective by children. In addition, autism research holds a significant meaning not only as a psychiatric study but also as a sound philosophical investigation. In particular, the logical reconstruction of language acquisition is used be restricted to normal linguistic condition and this attempt only explains half of the entire study of development of language. The logical reconstruction of language acquisition can be faultless only when the linguistic disorder is also philosophically understood.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Autistic Disorder , Linguistics , LogicABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We investigated the effect of distal tourniquet to the proximal spread of local anesthetics in the axillary brachial plexus block. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, controlled trial, 60 patients undergoing elective surgery were divided into two equal groups; Group I (2% mepivacaine 20 ml plus 1% lidocaine 20 ml with 250 mmHg of distal tourniquet) and Group II (2% mepivacaine 20 ml plus 1% lidocaine 20 ml alone). Patients were left for 30 minutes after an axillary brachial plexus block with paresthesia and single injection technique. Sensory blockades were evaluated by pin prick test at each nerve dermatome. RESULTS: There was no significant difference of sensory blockade in radial nerve, but there were significant differences of sensory blockade in ulnar, median, musculocutaneous, medial antebrachial cutaneous, and axillary nerves (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the quality and effect of axillary brachial plexus block in group with distal tourniquet is better than the control group.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthetics, Local , Brachial Plexus , Lidocaine , Mepivacaine , Paresthesia , Prospective Studies , Radial Nerve , TourniquetsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Propofol has a high incidence of pain with intravenous injection, and different methods have been used to minimize the incidence and severity of this pain. In this study, we have compared the effect of lidocaine pretreatment with that of ondansetron pretreatment on propofol injection pain. METHODS: Ninety healthy female patients scheduled for general anesthesia were randomly divided into three groups; saline group (n = 30), lidocaine group (n = 30) and ondansetron groups (n = 30). Each patient received 2 ml of pretreatment solution (normal saline, 1% lidocaine, ondansetron) via 18 G angiocatheter inserted in the antecubital fossa after applying an arm tourniquet inflated to 50 mmHg. The tourniquet was released 1 minute later, followed by intravenous injection of 2.5 mg/kg of propofol. The assessment of pain was made at the induction of anesthesia and in the recovery room and the severity of pain was classified as none, mild, moderate, severe by one observer. RESULTS: The severity and incidence of pain diminished significantly in the lidocaine group and the ondansetron group compared with the saline group at the induction of anesthesia (P < 0.05) and there was no significant difference between the lidocaine group and ondansetron group. We had similar results in the recovery room and one patient from the saline group and two patients from the ondansetron group had no recall regarding injection pain. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous ondansetron pretreatment is as effective as intravenous lidocaine pretreatment in alleviating the propofol injection pain.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Anesthesia , Anesthesia, General , Arm , Incidence , Injections, Intravenous , Lidocaine , Ondansetron , Propofol , Recovery Room , TourniquetsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify differences in thinking between schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects with linguistic-philosophical approach and to develop a tool to measure pathological thinking. METHODS: Approximately 50 cards(pictures of either representational or abstract sculptures and paintings) from the previous experiment(1997) were carefully examined and 10 cards were selected based on their variety and promptness of the response. Twenty-four schizophrenic patients and 19 healthy subjects participated in this experiment. Participants were required to give a title to each picture. Their responses were analysed based on the forms of thinking, abstractness(or concreteness) and the category of the title. Each response was also coded either direct or indirect. RESULTS: 1) Schizophrenic patients emitted more direct and simple descriptive responses whereas healthy subjects showed projection-related direct traits, indirect traits, indirect association and generalization. 2) Both groups tended to utilize the whole rather than parts. Schizophrenic group depended more on the whole pictures than healthy group. Healthy subjects showed more generalization tendency with parts. 3) Both groups preferred concrete titles to abstract ones. Schizophrenic group(95.3%) used more concrete titles than healthy group(71.4%) and healthy group(28.65%) used more abstract titles than schizophrenic group(4.7%). 4) Schizophrenic patients(73.5%) showed more directness in thinking than healthy subjects, whereas healthy subjects(58.7%) more indirectness. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Schizophrenic patients clearly showed direct and simple forms of thinking and expressive language, lacking reasoning, and systematic processing. Additionally, schizophrenic patients simply responded to the whole and used concrete and direct expression. 2) Replication study is warranted to improve reliability and validity of the tool we developed. Research on individual differences needs to be conducted to measure differences among individuals and change over time in an individual. 3) Further study on the factors which might be related to forms of thinking and language expressions, such as intelligence is warranted.